Middle East Conflicts

Colonial borders and mandates in the Middle East Religion, identity, and political power struggles Resource competition and oil politics Legacy of past wars and peace agreements

Key milestones in the Israel–Palestine conflict Blockade, occupation, and daily life in Gaza Cycles of escalation and ceasefires International law, war crimes claims, and human rights debates

Iran–Saudi rivalry and proxy conflicts Role of Turkey, Egypt, and Gulf states Non-state actors and militias in regional conflicts Influence of outside powers like the US and Russia

Civilian casualties and destroyed infrastructure Refugee flows into neighboring countries and Europe Challenges of aid delivery and access Long-term prospects for stability and rebuilding